WHY
NOTE-MAKING?
Today, extensive
reading is the buzz word in every field of study or research. While reading, we
are often bombarded with information of a vast ambit. It often becomes difficult
to recall all the key points of a passage / article we may have read.
Note making is a means to capture the key ideas of a
given passage in an easily readable, logically structured format. The style is
fairly casual though within the prescribed CBSE framework and we are even
allowed to use abbreviations.
The key to abbreviations at the end of the task
ensures that any other reader may also be able to interpret the gist of the
passage. Thus, note making can be a wonderful tool to take notes in class,
share notes with each other and even revise for an exam.
TECHNIQUE:
How to make notes
- Read the passage carefully.
- Heading
What is the main idea of the passage? Frame a heading based on the central idea and write it in the middle of the page. Keep the heading short, crisp and interesting (no more than 3-4 words) - Subheadings
How has the main idea been presented and developed? Are there two or three subordinate/associated ideas? You can frame subheadings based on these. - Points
What details or points of the subtitles do you wish to keep in these notes? Indent, i.e., suitably space and number.
All
subheadings should be written at a uniform distance from the margin.
- Indenting
All points should also maintain the same distance away from the sub heading.
Note: Do not write full sentences. And use abbreviations
wherever necessary.
Help with abbreviations
- Use standard abbreviations and symbols as far as possible:
- Capitalized
first letters of words
e.g. U.P.,U.S.A.,U.K.,U.S.S.R.,etc. - Common
abbreviations
Sc. (for science), Mr., Mrs., Dr., Govt., etc - Common symbols e.g., : \, ∴ , +ve, -ve, ® (leading to), ↑ (rising), ↓ (falling), =, etc.
- Measurements
and Figures
e.g., : 100′, 100”, 100 kg, 1000 mm, 100ml, etc.
- Making your own abbreviations:
.
Keep the main sounds of the word. For example, edn. (education), progm.
(programme)
- Retain the suffix so that later when you are going over the notes you may recall the full form of the word —e.g., ed’nal (educational), prog’ve (progressive).
.
Do not get over-enthusiastic
about abbreviations. You should not abbreviate every word. One
abbreviation in point is enough. Ideally, you wouldn’t require more than 4 to 5
for a passage.
- As a general rule, the heading should not be abbreviated. You may use abbreviations in subheadings.
Notice that indenting, i.e., shifting from the margin has been used to
clearly indicate subheadings, points and sub points. Such use of indenting
gives your notes a visual character. At a glance you can see the main idea and
its aspects.
• Indent the
notes properly
• Use of abbreviations
• Heading / Title (should be max 3 – 4 words)
• Sub heading (should be 3-4 only)
• Key at the end of the note (It should be enclosed with a box)
• Use of abbreviations
• Heading / Title (should be max 3 – 4 words)
• Sub heading (should be 3-4 only)
• Key at the end of the note (It should be enclosed with a box)
• Don’t
include all the information present in an article or paragraph. Pick key
points.
• There should be no grammatically correct, complete sentences in the notes. Pick phrases with just enough information to later expand into a sentence when writing the summary.
• There should be no grammatically correct, complete sentences in the notes. Pick phrases with just enough information to later expand into a sentence when writing the summary.
• Mention the
word count at the bottom right of the summary.
When writing a summary,
ensure that you do not exceed + / - 80 words. Give a heading. Keep sentences
short and in the interest of brevity, club points together when possible. The
following example will clarify this concept for you.
Solved
Example 1: Read the passage below. Make notes on the passage and draft a
summary thereafter.
The small village of Somnathpur contains an
extraordinary temple, built around 1268 A.D. by the Hoyasalas of Karnataka –
one of the most prolific temple builders. Belur and Helebid are among their
better-known works. While these suffered during the invasion of the 14th
century, the Somnathpur temple stands more or less intact in near-original
condition. The small temple captivates with the beauty and vitality of its
detailed sculpture, covering almost every inch of the walls, pillars and even
ceilings. It has three shikaras and stands on a star-shaped raised platform
with 24 edges. The outer walls have a profusion of detailed carvings: the
entire surface run over by carved plaques of stone. There were vertical panels
covered by exquisite figures of God and Goddesses, with many incarnations being
depicted. There were nymphs too, some carrying an ear of maize, a symbol of
plenty and prosperity. The elaborate ornamentation, very characteristic of
Hoyasala sculptures was a remarkable feature. On closer look – and it is worth
it – the series of friezes on the outer walls revealed intricately carved
caparisoned elephants, charging horsemen, stylized flowers, warriors, musicians,
crocodiles and swans.
The temple was actually commissioned by Soma
Dandanayaka or Somnath (he named the village after himself), the minister of
the Hoyasala king, Narasimha the Third. The temple was built to house three
versions of Krishna – Venugopala, Janardana and Prasanna Keshava, though only
two remain in their original form. In the darkness of the sanctum sanctorum, I
tried to discern the different images. The temple’s sculptural perfection is
amazing and includes the doors of the temple and the three elegantly carved
towers.
SOMNATH TEMPLE
(1) Locn & Origin
(1.1)
small village of Somnathpur.
(1.2) commissioned - Soma Dandanayaka or Somnath
–minister of Hoyasala king, Narasimha, III
(2) Original condition
(2.1)
Three corridors ending in three shrines with three versions of Krishna –
Venugopala, Janardana and Prasanna
Keshava.
Keshava.
(2.2)
Kalyana Mandapa – in the inner centre of temple.
(3) Structural Details & Sculptural Perfection
(3.1)
Structure
(3.1.1)
has 3 Shikaras.
(3.1.2)
stars on a star-shaped-raised platform with 24 edges.
(3.1.3)
vertical panels: exquisite. Figures of gods & goddesses - many reincn
depicted.
(3.1.4)
nymphs – some with an ear of maize (symbol of plenty & prosperity).
(3.2)
Sculptural perfectn
(3.2.1) every inch of walls – carved caparisoned elephants, charge-ng horsemen, stylized
flowers., warriors, musicians, crocodiles & swans.
(3.2.1) every inch of walls – carved caparisoned elephants, charge-ng horsemen, stylized
flowers., warriors, musicians, crocodiles & swans.
SOMNATH TEMPLE
Somnath Temple is located in the small
village of Somnathpur and was commissioned by Soma Dandanayaka or Somnath, the minister
of Hoyasala king, Narasimha the third. Three corridors end in three shrines
with three versions of Krishna – Venugopala, Janardana and Prasanna Keshava. A Kalyana Mandapa resides in the inner
centre of temple. It has three shikharas intricate carvings depicting plenty
and prosperity through shikhars, Gods and Goddesses, caparisoned elephants,
charging horsemen, flowers, warriors, musicians and other majestic animals. (Word
count – 78 words)
__________________
Solved
Example 2
It’s 10p.m.
and the research paper is due the next morning. Sam types frantically. Two
weeks ago, it seemed that there was plenty of time to get the paper done. Last
week, the final of a soccer match on TV made it hard to study. Now it’s crunch
time. Looking at the clock, Sam wonders, “Why do I keep doing this to myself?
Why haven’t I learned not to put things off until the last minute?”
The word procrastination comes from two Latin terms meaning to put forward until tomorrow. Standard dictionary
definitions all include the idea of postponement or delay. Steel, a
psychologist who has reviewed hundreds of studies on the subject, states that
to procrastinate is “to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite
expecting to be worse-off for the delay”.
Another expert, Dr. Joseph R. Ferrari
(2005), distinguishes between people who tend to put things off and “chronic”
or “real” procrastinators for whom this is their life and who might even need
therapy. Ferrari categorizes procrastinators into three types: (a) stimulation types that get a thrill from
beating a deadline, (b) avoiders put
off doing things that might make others think badly of them, and (c) decisional procrastinators postpone
making a decision until they have enough information to avoid making a wrong
choice.
Chronic procrastinators tend to have low
self-esteem and focus on the past more than the future. The Discounted
Expectancy Theory illustrates with a student like Sam who puts off writing a
paper. When the deadline is far off, the rewards for socializing now are
greater than those for finishing a task not due until later. As the deadline
looms, the rewards or consequences for finishing the paper become more
important.
Tice and Baumeister (1997) found that
procrastinators on the average got lower grades and had higher levels of stress
and illness. Chu and Choi (2005) however, say that not all procrastinators are
lazy and undisciplined. “Passive procrastinators” are more stressed, less
efficient. “Active procrastinators prefer to work under pressure” and “if something
unexpectedly comes up, they will knowingly
switch gears and engage in new tasks they perceive as more urgent.” (365 words)
Procrastination
1. Introtn of proctn
1.1
Origin – Latin
1.2
Meaning – Put fwd till tomorrow – Idea of postponement or delay
1.3
Steel (psychologist) – voluntary delay – despite expecting to be worse-off
2. Categortn
2.1
Dr. Joseph R. Ferrari
2.1.1
Simtn types – thrill from beating a deadline
2.1.2
Avoiders – avoid things that make others think badly of them
2.1.3
Decisional – postpone making a decsn (until enough information)
2.1.4
Real procs – way of life (might need therapy)
2.1.5
Chronic procs
2.1.5.1
Low self esteem
2.1.5.2
Focus on past
2.2
Tice and Baumeister
2.2.1
Procs got lower grades
2.2.2
Higher levels of stress and illness
2.3
Chu and Choi
2.3.1
Passive procs – stressed, less efficient
2.3.2
Active procs – prefer to work under pressure, knowingly engage in new tasks
(more
urgent)
urgent)
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
|
|
Introtn
|
Introduction
|
Fwd
|
Forward
|
Categortn
|
Categorization
|
Simtn
|
Simulation
|
Decsn
|
Decision
|
Procs
|
Procrastinators
|
Proctn
|
Procrastination
|
Procrastination
Latin-origin
procrastination is the idea of postponement. A psychologist, Steel, says it is voluntary delay. Dr. Joseph R. Ferrari Categorizes
Procrastinators into five types. ‘Simulation types feel thrilled’, ‘Avoiders’
fear criticism, ‘Decisionals’ wait for information, ‘Reals’ find it natural and
might need therapy while ‘Chronic’
ones have low self esteem and focus on past. Tice and Baumeister say
procrastinators get low grades and have high stress and illness. Chu and Choi
clarify that passive procrastinators are stressed and less efficient while
active procrastinators prioritize. (Word
count – 84)
NOTE - Even though in the above passage, we've used upto 2.1.5.1, for CBSE Boards, do not make so many sub points. Pick the most important bits from the passage given, make about 3 or 4 major sub topics and three or four detail points for each sub topic.
NOW TRY THESE ON YOUR OWN
Residents of the
Bhirung Raut Ki Gali, where Ustad Bishmillah Khan was born on March 21, 1916,
were in
shock. His
cousin, 94-year -old Mohd Idrish Khan had tears in his eyes. Shubhan Khan, the
care-taker of Bismillah’s land, recalled: “Whenever in Dumaraon, he would
give rupees two to the boys and rupees five to the girls of
the locality”.
He was very keen
to play shehnai again in the local Bihariji’s Temple where he had started
playing shehnai with his father, Bachai Khan, at the age of six. His original
name was Quamaruddin and became Bishmillah only after he became famous as a
shehnai player in Varanasi. His father Bachai Khan was the official shehnai
player of Keshav Prasad Singh,the Maharaja of the erstwhile Dumaraon estate, Bismillah
used to accompany him.
For Bishmillah
Khan, the connection to music began at a very early age. Byhis teens, he had
already become a master of the shehnai. On the day India gained freedom,
Bismillah Khan, then a sprightly 31 year-old, had the rare honour of playing
from Red Fort. But Bishmillah Khan won’t just be remembered for elevating the
shehnai from an instrument heard only in weddings and naubatkhanas to one that
was appreciated in concert halls across the world. His life was a testimony to
the plurality that is India.
A practicing
Muslim, he would take a daily dip in the Ganga in his younger days after a bout
of kusti in Benia Baga Akhada. Every morning, Bishmillah Khan
would do riyaaz at the Balaji temple on the banks of the river. Even
during his final hours in a Varanasi hospital, music didn’t desert Bishmillah
Khan. A few hours before he passed away early on Monday, the shehnai wizard
hummed a thumri to show that he was feeling better. This was typical of
a man for whom life revolved around music.
Throughout his
life he abided by the principle that all religions are one. What marked
Bishmillah Khan was his simplicity and disregard for the riches that come with
musical fame. Till the very end, he used a cycle rickshaw to travel around Varanasi.
But the pressure of providing for some 60 family members took its toll during
his later years.
2.1
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes using headings and
sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations where necessary.
2.2
Make a summary of the above passage in not more than 80 words using the notes
made and also suggest a suitable title.
Read the passages carefully and answer the
questions that follow to check your reading comprehension. Then, make notes
using appropriate headings and abbreviations:
A)
1. Your relationship with your grandparent may
also be free of some of the tensions that youths sometimes experience with
their parents. Why might this be so? For one thing, grandparents often enjoy a
special bond with their grandchildren. The Bible says: "Old men are proud
of their grandchildren."
2. Remember, too, that it is your parents—not
your grandparents—who must bear the heavy responsibility of raising you
"in the discipline and mental-agility." Because their role is less
demanding, your grandparents may be less prone than your parents to be critical
of you. Also, one's grandparents are usually not encumbered by the
responsibilities and pressures of the daily care of a family. Because they may
be relatively free of such stresses, it may be easier for them to respond to
your needs or to pay attention to you. Seventeen-year-old Tom recalls the
attention he got from his grandparents. They would send him "little gifts
for getting good report cards"; they even paid for his piano lessons.
3. Of course, not all grandparents are able to
provide such gifts, but they may still demonstrate their interest in you,
perhaps by offering you praise and encouragement or by giving you a hearing ear
from time to time. This can forge deep bonds of friendship between you. Damaris
says regarding her grandmother: "She makes me feel at ease, and I can go
to her and talk to her at any time because she is always willing to listen—even
if I am not making sense at the time." A youth named Jônatas similarly
enjoys freeness of speech and the opportunity to talk about serious subjects
with his grandparents.
4. While grandparents can offer you their wisdom
and love, they can also benefit from your youthful energy and companionship.
How so? Well, there are likely a number of ways in which you can be of help and
support to your grandparents. Oftentimes, their physical strength is fading. Or
they may be battling ill health. No doubt they would be encouraged if you
helped them with shopping and household chores. No doubt about it, drawing
close to your grandparents can enrich your life—as well as theirs!
A.
1. On the basis of your reading the passage
complete the following sentences:
|
(8 marks)
|
(a) Why
don’t the youth sometime experience good relations with their parents? (1)
(b) Who
bear the responsibility of making the children disciplined ? (1)
(c) Why
do the grandparents pay more attention to their grandchildren? (1)
(d) What
deepens the bond of friendship between grandparents and grandchildren? (1)
(e) What
are the problems that old grandparents may suffer from ? (2)
(i)
_____________________________________________________
.
(ii)
_____________________________________________________
.
(f) The
youth get (i) ______________ and (ii)
____________ from their
grandparents and they can benefit them by their (iii) __________ and (iv)
________________ . (2)
A.
2. Find words in the passage which mean:
(4 marks)
a). Burdened (2nd paragraph) _________
b). Comparatively (2nd paragraph) _________
c). Eager (3rd paragraph) _________
d). Improve (4th paragraph) _________
A. 3. Make
notes on the passage given above with a title, points, sub-points and then
write a summary based on the notes.
sAbout twice every century, one of the massive stars in our galaxy blows
itself apart in a supernova explosion that sends massive quantities of
radiation and matter into space and generates shock waves that sweep through
the arms of the galaxy. The shock waves heat the interstellar gas, evaporate
small clouds, and compress larger ones to the point at which they collapse
under their own gravity to form new stars. The general picture that has been
developed for the supernova explosion and its aftermath goes something like
this. Throughout its evolution, a star is much like a leaky balloon. It keeps its
equilibrium figure through a balance of internal pressure against the tendency
to collapse under its own weight. The pressure is generated by nuclear
reactions in the core of the star which must continually supply energy to
balance the energy that leaks out in the form of radiation. Eventually the
nuclear fuel is exhausted, and the pressure drops in the core. With nothing to
hold it up, the matter in the center of the star collapses inward, creating
higher and higher densities and temperatures, until the nuclei and electrons
are fused into a super-dense lump of matter known as a neutron star.
As the overlying layers rain down on the surface of the neutron star, the temperature rises, until with a blinding flash of radiation, the collapse is reversed. A thermonuclear shock wave runs through the now expanding stellar envelope, fusing lighter elements into heavier ones and producing a brilliant visual outburst that can be as intense as the light of 10 billion suns. The shell of matter thrown off by the explosion plows through the surrounding gas, producing an expanding bubble of hot gas, with gas temperatures in the millions of degrees. This gas will emit most of its energy at X-ray wavelengths, so it is not surprising that X-ray observatories have provided some of the most useful insights into the nature of the supernova phenomenon. More than twenty supernova remnants have now been detected in X-ray studies.
Recent discoveries of meteorites with anomalous concentrations of certain isotopes indicate that a supernova might have precipitated the birth of our solar system more than four and a half billion years ago. Although the cloud that collapsed to form the Sun and the planets was composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, it also contained carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, elements essential for life as we know it. Elements heavier than helium are manufactured deep in the interior of stars and would, for the most part, remain there if it were not for the cataclysmic supernova explosions that blow giant stars apart. Additionally, supernovas produce clouds of high-energy particles called cosmic rays. These high-energy particles continually bombard the Earth and are responsible for many of the genetic mutations that are the driving force of the evolution of species.
B.1. Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage?
(a) The Origins and Effects of Supernovas
(b) The Life and Death of Stars
(c) The Origins and Evolution of Life on Earth
(d) The Aftermath of a Supernova
(e) Violent Change in the Universe
B.2. According to the passage, we can expect a supernova to occur in our galaxy
(a) about twice each year
(b) hundreds of times each century
(c) about once every fifty years
(d) about once every other century
(e) about once every four to five billion years
B.3. According to the passage all of the following are true of supernovas EXCEPT that they
(a) are extremely bright
(b) are an explosion of some sort
(c) emit large quantities of X-rays
(d) result in the destruction of a neutron star
(e) are caused by the collision of large galaxies
B.4. The author employs which of the following to develop the first
paragraph?
(a) Analogy
(b) Deduction
(c) Generalization
(d) Example
(e) Refutation
B.5. It can be inferred from the passage that the meteorites mentioned by the author at line 39
(a) contain dangerous concentrations of radioactive materials
(b) give off large quantities of X-rays
(c) include material not created in the normal development of our solar system
(d) are larger than the meteors normally found in a solar system like ours
(e) contain pieces of a supernova that occurred several billion years ago
B.6. The author implies that
(a) it is sometimes easier to detect supernovas by observation of the X-ray spectrum than by observation of visible wavelengths of light
(b) life on Earth is endangered by its constant exposure to radiation forces that are released by a supernova
(c) recently discovered meteorites indicate that the Earth and other planets of our solar system survived the explosion of a supernova several billion years ago
(d) lighter elements are formed from heavier elements during a supernova as the heavier elements are torn apart
(e) the core of a neutron star is composed largely of heavier elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
B.7. According to the passage what is the first event in the sequence that leads to the occurrence of a supernova?
(a) An ordinary star begins to emit tremendous quantities of X-rays.
(b) A neutron star is enveloped by a superheated cloud of gas.
(c) An imbalance between light and heavy elements causes an ordinary star to collapse.
(d) A cloud of interstellar gas rich in carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, collapses to form a neutron star.
(e) An ordinary star exhausts its supply of nuclear fuel and begins to collapse.
B.8. According to the passage a neutron star is
(a) a gaseous cloud containing heavy elements
(b) an intermediate stage between an ordinary star and a supernova
(c) the residue that is left by a supernova
(d) the core of an ordinary star that houses the thermonuclear reactions
(e) one of billions of meteors that are scattered across the galaxy by a supernova
B.9. The author is primarily concerned with
(a) speculating about the origins of our solar system
(b) presenting evidence proving the existence of supernovas
(c) discussing the nuclear reaction that occurs in the core of a star
(d) describing the sequence of scientific events
(e) disproving a theory about the causes of supernovas
(a) Analogy
(b) Deduction
(c) Generalization
(d) Example
(e) Refutation
B.5. It can be inferred from the passage that the meteorites mentioned by the author at line 39
(a) contain dangerous concentrations of radioactive materials
(b) give off large quantities of X-rays
(c) include material not created in the normal development of our solar system
(d) are larger than the meteors normally found in a solar system like ours
(e) contain pieces of a supernova that occurred several billion years ago
B.6. The author implies that
(a) it is sometimes easier to detect supernovas by observation of the X-ray spectrum than by observation of visible wavelengths of light
(b) life on Earth is endangered by its constant exposure to radiation forces that are released by a supernova
(c) recently discovered meteorites indicate that the Earth and other planets of our solar system survived the explosion of a supernova several billion years ago
(d) lighter elements are formed from heavier elements during a supernova as the heavier elements are torn apart
(e) the core of a neutron star is composed largely of heavier elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
B.7. According to the passage what is the first event in the sequence that leads to the occurrence of a supernova?
(a) An ordinary star begins to emit tremendous quantities of X-rays.
(b) A neutron star is enveloped by a superheated cloud of gas.
(c) An imbalance between light and heavy elements causes an ordinary star to collapse.
(d) A cloud of interstellar gas rich in carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, collapses to form a neutron star.
(e) An ordinary star exhausts its supply of nuclear fuel and begins to collapse.
B.8. According to the passage a neutron star is
(a) a gaseous cloud containing heavy elements
(b) an intermediate stage between an ordinary star and a supernova
(c) the residue that is left by a supernova
(d) the core of an ordinary star that houses the thermonuclear reactions
(e) one of billions of meteors that are scattered across the galaxy by a supernova
B.9. The author is primarily concerned with
(a) speculating about the origins of our solar system
(b) presenting evidence proving the existence of supernovas
(c) discussing the nuclear reaction that occurs in the core of a star
(d) describing the sequence of scientific events
(e) disproving a theory about the causes of supernovas
B.10.
Make notes on the passage given above with a title, points, sub-points and then
write a summary based on the notes.
C) While a high percentage of westerners
are spending, hours in the sun to acquire a tan, a large number of people in
the East are slapping on creams and lotions hoping to become a fair and look
young. But at what cost?
On a recent trip to a small supermarket
in my neighbourhood, I was astonished to note that two of the largest chains in
the store were dedicated to skin whitening creams. Later, a nearby pharmacy, I
noticed the same trend; shelves heaving with whitening creams. And the trend
isn't limited to supermarket shelf space. Turn on the television at any given
time and you will see advertisements dedicated to various skin whitening products.
If you think this obsession with light,
spot and blemish-free skin is restricted to a vain few, think again. The vast
selection of pills, lotions and creams is testament to an industry that is
flourishing. Women in Japan, China, Korea and Taiwan even know the secret of
pale beauty. Now using a skin whitening cream has become the 'in thing' in the
Middle East too.
Pale, spot -free skin is being
aggressively marketed across the region as synonymous with beauty and health.
The result: women are willing to go to any extreme to change their complexion
little realizing that it could sometimes be bordering on the dangerous
The craze for skin whitening has a long
history , dating back to the days of yore in Asia, where the saying' one white, covers up three ugliness ' was passed from one
generation to the next .
A White face was considered aristocratic
because only the rich could afford to stay out of the blazing sun and remain
pale and 'spotless'. Working outdoors - like peasants in the field – were sun -burnt
and brown
Another possible theory is that the
cultural dominance of Europeans and Americans in recent times led to the belief
that white skin equals power, money
special privilege and needless to say beauty.
'It is quite funny because while women
in the Far East are risking their health by using cheap, unreliable whitening
agents to get a fairer complexion , women in the West risk their health by baking in the sun to get a tan, says do
Dr. Seattle ,Olay's principal scientist
for skin care research and development
'In Japan ,geishas were ( and still are)
known for the painted white skin which represents beauty , grace and high
social status' says Dr. Geo ,international beauty expert for Kose, a leading
Japanese cosmetics brand in whitening products. However, whitening products are
not used on a wide scale in Japan today.
C.1
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions given below
(8 marks)
1.The
three things that amazed the author are
……………………
2.
The three sentences that shows you people are crazy about ' spotless' skin….
3.
The common belief in Asia for skin whitening is………………….
4.
Rich people were fairer because………..
C.2
Find words in the passage which mean the following (2 marks)
1.
Something that is used at present -
2.
Proof –
3.
Advantage –
4.
To have control over –
C.3. Make
notes on the passage given above with a title, points, sub-points and then
write a summary based on the notes.
______________
The recent news that local
hospitals have had to reroute seriously ill patients because the community's
critical-care beds are full is worrisome. Earlier this week, four of the six
local hospitals ran out of space for the critically ill and had to turn people
away.
Federal law requires
hospitals to treat anyone who walks in. As a result of having to treat large
numbers of uninsured patients, the emergency rooms often become an economic
drain on their hospitals. Doctors now want to set up their own free-standing
ambulatory surgical facilities and diagnostic centres. Critics contend this
would leave hospitals with less revenue and the same number of indigents to
treat.
A bill was recently
introduced to phase out the need for a "certificate of public need"
for non-hospital-based facilities, provided those facilities met stringent
regulations and requirements. This would have made it easier to set up
alternative facilities to help indigent patients. The finance committee balked
at the hefty price and killed the bill, another casualty of a failed
legislative session.
Unfortunately, the problem
of access to medical care for those of limited means is not going to go away
anytime soon and, despite the well-intended regulations, too-full hospitals
compromise everyone's welfare. Healthy competition with small neighbourhood
surgical and diagnostic centres may be what is necessary to help dampen rising
medical costs. But under no circumstances should the hospitals be forced to
care for everybody without health insurance while competitors operate free of
the burden of caring for those unable to pay.
D1) Which of the following is a conclusion supported by the passage?
- If doctors want to run their own facilities, they should be required to take in at least some of the indigents.
- The government should provide health insurance for those unable to buy their own.
- Voters should tell the finance committee members that they will not be re-elected if they do not pass some new legislation.
- Emergency rooms that turn patients away due to overcrowding are derelict in their duty.
- The fundamental problem facing hospitals now is that health care costs have risen dramatically in recent years.
D2) Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?
- neutral
- positive
- persuasive
- angry
- reverential
D3) Which of the following is cited as a factor which has contributed to
the overburdening of hospitals?
- Failure to pass legislation which would have mitigated the problem
- Limited access to medical care for the poor
- Federal law
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and II
- I, II, and III
D4) The author cites the failed legislation in order to show that
- the legislature will never resolve this issue.
- the finance committee does not care about the uninsured citizens.
- there will always be uninsured hospital patients.
- the legislature recently attempted to resolve this issue.
- the doctors successfully lobbied the finance committee.
D5) Make
notes on the passage given above with a title, points, sub-points and then
write a summary based on the notes.
__________________________
E)
Children are the hope and future of a nation, yet there are millions of
deprived children in a country who have never known a normal childhood. They
are forced to work for a living from an early age and are exploited by every
adult round them including their own families. These neglected forgotten
children lead a dismal, dark life full of horror and though they exist all
around us, very few people really see them or care.
But
those who most often stop for a moment
and look into the eyes of these innocent children unchanged forever, there is
no going back for them and they know that they have to do something positive to
change these tragic lives even if it is in a small way. CRY – Child Relief and
You -- is an organization that was started by seven such individuals and it has
been working from 1979 to change the lives of underprivileged children all over
India.
CRY
understood so much the dire need of help. At the same time it realized that
there are many people were more than willing to extend a helping hand but did
not know how to go about it . They tried links to bring child relief and the EU
elements together
And
now seven hundred and fifteen child welfare organizations are being pounded by
CRY and more than five black guy (children from rural and urban areas) can all
have a better life in the future .To continue giving support to this, one of
the organizations enable them to carry on their work in the fields of education
and care and the income generation schemes at the grassroots level. CRY is able
to generate funds through various means.
E.1. On the
basis of your reading the passage answer the following questions as briefly as possible
: (8 marks)
a. What are the children for a nation?
b. In a country there millions of
children who…………..
c. Why do the children work at an early
age…………
d. The deprived children are exploited
by ……………..
e. Find a word from lines one to 5-15
which mean 'take advantage in a wrong way'
f. Who are the few people who care for
neglected children
g. CRY was started by……………….
h. CRY tries to …………………….
E.2.
Make notes on the above passage and then write a summary based on your notes.
__________________________
F)
The veteran best-selling author and motivational speaker Dennis Waitley has
been in the business of inspiring others for about 40 years. He is one of
America's most respected authors and keynote lecturers and productivity
consultant on high performance human achievement. With over 10 million audio
programs sold in fourteen languages, Dennis is one of the most listened-to
voices on personal and career success. He's the author of fifteen non-fiction
books which includes several international bestsellers.
Dennis
has studied and counselled winners in every field from Apollo astronauts to
Superbowl champions, from sales achievers to government leaders and youth
groups. During the eighties, he served as chairman of Psychology on the U.S.
Olympic Committee Sports Medicine Council, responsible for performance
enhancement of all U.S. athletes
Dennis
says, "It has been a wonderful journey and I'm not trying to stop .I think
that my children, grandchildren, great grandchildren keep me going, and I keep
re- inventing myself ".
My
daughter told me that they thought that they had to work a little hard to be
successful, and interestingly both of them have become doctors in psychology. I
hope I am learning and becoming a part of the future rather than rehashing
information .Of course there are some basics truths that have to be rehashed
again and again. I should not say ' rehashing ', we are explaining them in a
language that is relevant to today's situation.
I
travelled a great deal to China and India to see what the newest developing
nations are going through to become successful. I think the challenge for me is
to continue to plant shade trees under which I wouldn't sit. So people are
asked why don't you retire, but I like to learn and teach. The more I teach,
the more I learn, it really is what keeps me going.
I
always wondered why some people are angry and sad all the time and why some
people are happy. At first I thought that maybe they were born that way.
Certainly personality plays a part in it. I was raised during the 'Depression'
at the beginning of the Second World War and my grandmother was the dominant
influence in my life. She and I planted a ' Victory Garden' and grew our own
food. She told me that what was on the seed package, those pictures, would come
up if we planted those seeds and then she told me the same thing would happen
in my life if I cultivated it . She told me to model my life on worthy people.
The hunger in me to be better and to be something led me to understand that the
best way to do that would be to help other people.
Earl
Nightingale was one of our early twentieth century motivational speakers and
philosophers. He coined the term' the strangest secret '. It postulates that we
become what we think about most of the time. He became my mentor and he guided
me to a record my thoughts because that's what he did. He told me ' as you do
all your work, don't believe that you are a world changer, know that you are
just a seed planter and that you are not changing lives.
On
the basis of your reading of the passage answer the questions given below (10
marks)
F.1. A motivational speaker is
…………………………………………….
F.2. Examples from the first and second
paragraphs to show that Dennis was a great success are:
a.
b.
c.
F.3. The journey that Dennis talks about
is …………………………………………
F.4. Dennis does not agree to use the
word ' rehash' because……………………,,,,
F.5. What did Dennis' "Victory
Garden" consist of?
F.6. What kind of people did Dennis try
to emulate?
F.7. Dennis was ' hungry ' for
something. What was it?
F.8. Earl Nightingale's "The
strangest secret," meant ………………………………
F.9. Find words from the passage which
mean the following :(2 marks)
1. Advice –
2. Improvement –
3. Gloomy –
4. Role model –
F.10. Make notes on the passage above and then
write a summary based on those notes
Thank you........
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